Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia（/ˌskɪtsɵˈfrɛniə/ or /ˌskɪtsɵˈfriːniə/) is a mental disorder characterized by a breakdown of thought processes and by poor emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social or occupational dysfunction. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in young adulthood, with a global lifetime prevalence of about 0.3–0.7%. Diagnosis is based on observed behavior and the patient's reported experiences.

遗传学，早期环境，神经生物学和心理和社会流程似乎是重要的贡献因素;一些娱乐和处方药似乎导致或恶化症状。目前的研究专注于神经生物学的作用，尽管没有发现单一分离的有机原因。症状许多可能的组合引发了关于诊断是否代表单一疾病或多个离散综合征的辩论。尽管来自希腊根源的术语的词源skhizein（σχίζειν, "to split") andphrēn, phren-（φρήν, φρεν-;“思想”），精神分裂症并不意味着“思维心灵”，它与解剖身份障碍 - 也称为“多重人格障碍”或“分裂人格” - 它往往在公众感知中混淆。

治疗抗精神病medicat的支柱ion, which primarily suppresses dopamine (and sometimes serotonin) receptor activity. Psychotherapy and vocational and social rehabilitation are also important in treatment. In more serious cases—where there is risk to self and others—involuntary hospitalization may be necessary, although hospital stays are now shorter and less frequent than they once were.

The disorder is thought mainly to affect cognition, but it also usually contributes to chronic problems with behavior and emotion. People with schizophrenia are likely to have additional (comorbid) conditions, including major depression and anxiety disorders; the lifetime occurrence of substance abuse is almost 50%. Social problems, such as long-term unemployment, poverty and homelessness, are common. The average life expectancy of people with the disorder is 12 to 15 years less than those without, the result of increased physical health problems and a higher suicide rate (about 5%).